With the recent acquisition of the 2005 aerial photography of the White House, I decided to look over the computer generated meta-data that came bundled with the .tif file from the USGS. What I found was somewhat surprising in that the USGS makes note that “No metadata were received with this data.”

This essentially means that not only is the White House itself redacted, but the agency/corporation that took the pictures has been redacted as well. In the 2002 meta-data, it explicitly states the name of the corporation that was contracted to take the aerial photography, EarthData International of Maryland, LLC. Yet in the 2005 meta-data this information is suspiciously absent.

I must ask why? Was it done using government planes or was it contracted out? Moreover, why should this fact be removed from the meta-data?

To say the aerial photography magically arrived on the USGS servers is one thing, but to say that it was acquired by EarthData International of Maryland, LLC then processed at a USGS facility gives a better picture of the process involved in the creation of this imagery.

After the fold are the two meta-data files from the 2002 and 2005 USGS orthphotography. Of note is that there is more detailed information about the process invoved to create the 2005 orthoimagery, yet the source of it is withheld.

Daniel Denk at RemoteSensingTools has an interesting take on this issue.

2002

USGS High Resolution Orthoimage, Washington, DC-VA-MD

Metadata also available as

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Spatial_Reference_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

---

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Title:

USGS High Resolution Orthoimage, Washington, DC-VA-MD

Description:

Supplemental_Information:

Spatial-specific information not available

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 20020407

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate:-77.01229

East_Bounding_Coordinate:-76.99878

North_Bounding_Coordinate:38.93124

South_Bounding_Coordinate:38.91272

Keywords:

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions (Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the Identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 5-2): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Place_Keyword: US

Place_Keyword: D.C.

Place_Keyword: Washington, DC-VA-MD

Native_Data_Set_Environment: Z/I Imaging Orthopro 4.0, Windows NT/2000 Systems

---

Data_Quality_Information:

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Compliance with the accuracy standard was ensured by the placement of photo identifiable ground control points and the collection of airborne GPS data. The elevation data were generated by autocorrelation and manual processes. An RMS value for each tile was calculated based on the photos utilized in the production of the tile by comparing the AT X and Y coordinates. This value represents an estimate of the accuracy of the horizontal coordinate measurements in the tile expressed in meters.

Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 0.060

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation:

The horizontal accuracy of the orthorectified images is mainly determined by the accuracy of the aerotriangulation and digital elevation model (DEM). For each rectified photo, an RMSE value for all of the standard errors of the tie/pass/control points located in that photo and computed by the aerotriangulation solution was calculated. A proprietary program was developed to assign the RMSE value for a photo to all of the ortho tiles that were produced from each individual photo. The DEM accuracy assessment was achieved by comparing the aerotriangulation-derived elevation with the elevation of the DEM at the same X and Y coordinates. In addition, visual examination was employed to assess all tiles and its relative edge match. All results were examined for consistency and its compliance with the NSSDA accuracy standard.

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: HAS Images, Inc

Publication_Date: 2002

Title: WAS 6-015

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD

Publisher: EarthData International of Maryland, LLC

Source_Scale_Denominator: 15000

Type_of_Source_Media: Stable-base material

Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 20020407

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Source Photography

Source_Contribution: Source imagery for tile production

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: EarthData International of Maryland, LLC

Publication_Date: 2002

Title: EDI_washdc_dem.txt

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD

Publisher: EarthData International of Maryland, LLC

Type_of_Source_Media: disc

Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 20021200

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: DEM

Source_Contribution:

Used to provide ground elevations for the orthorectification process

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: TerraSurv

Publication_Date: 2002

Title: Washington D.C. Control Report

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Gaithersburg, MD

Publisher: EarthData International of Maryland, LLC

Type_of_Source_Media: paper, CD-ROM

Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 20021200

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Control

Source_Contribution:

The control provides a means for referencing the project source photography to a geodetic reference frame

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Source photography: color stable base. Control: airborne GPS supplemented with photo identifiable field control. Scanning: Z/I Imaging PhotoScan flatbed metric scanner. Aerotriangulation: Photo-T. Elevation Model: autocorrelation and manual collection. Radiometric Balancing: Proprietary and COTS Software (PhotoShop). Orthorectification: Ortho Pro 4.0 software package. Mosaic: Ortho Pro 4.0 software package. Processed on Windows NT/2000 systems.

The ground control and airborne GPS data was integrated into a rigid network through the completion of a fully analytical aerotriangulation adjustment. The original aerial film was scanned at a resolution of 1,209 DP. The scans were produced using Z/I Imaging PhotoScan flatbed metric scanners. The scanned images were then used as input, along with ground control, airborne GPS data and camera calibration data into a Z/I Imaging softcopy system for final adjustment.

The digital orthophotography was produced in natural color at a scale of 1/200 with a 1- foot pixel resolution. A step-by-step breakdown of the digital orthophoto production process follows.
1. A representative number of raster image files were visually checked for image quality on the workstation.
2. The digital image files were oriented on the digital orthophoto production workstation. The following information was then loaded onto the workstation. – The camera calibration parameters and flight line direction. – ground control and pass point locations. – The exterior orientation parameters from the aerotriangulation process. – ASCII file containing the corner coordinates of the orthophotos. – The digital elevation model in a DGN format. – Project-specific requirements such as final sheet size and resolution. – Orientation parameters developed from the aerotriangulation solution.
3. A coordinate transformation based on the camera calibration fiducial coordinates was then undertaken. This transformation allowed the conversion of every measured element of the plates to a sample/line location. Each pixel in an image was then referenced by sample and line (its horizontal and vertical position) and matched to project control. The newly rectified image was visually checked for pixel drop-out and/or other artifacts that may degrade the final orthophoto image.
4. DTM data was imported and written to the correct subdirectory on disk. The final digital orthophotos were referenced to the UTM Zone 18, NAD83, UTM meters. 5. The DTM file was reinspected for missing or erroneous data points.
6. A complete differential rectification was carried out using an exponential algorithm that removed image displacement due to topographic relief, tip and tilt of the aircraft at the moment of exposure, and radial distortion within the camera. Each final orthophoto was produced at a scale of 1/200 with a 1-foot pixel resolution.
7. Each digital orthophoto image was visually checked for accuracy on the workstation screen. The digital orthophotos were then edge-matched using a module of the Ortho Pro software package.
8. Once the orthophotos were inspected and approved for accuracy, the files were copied to the network and downloaded by the orthophoto finishing department. This production unit was responsible for radiometrically correcting the orthophotos prior to completing the mosaicking and clipping of the final tiles.
9. The processed images were mosaicked using the Ortho Pro software. File names were assigned.
10. The finishing department performed final visual checks for orthophoto image quality. The images were inspected using Adobe Photoshop, which enabled the technician to remove dust and lint from the image files interactively.
11. The final orthophoto images were written out into uncompressed, untiled, Arc/Info readable, GeoTIFF format.

Process_Date: 20021220

Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Person_Primary:

Contact_Person: Mitch Jordan

Contact_Organization: EarthData International of Maryland, LLC

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: 45 West Watkins Mill Road

City: Gaithersburg

State_or_Province: MD

Postal_Code: 20878

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-948-8550

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: metadata@earthdata.com

---

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 18

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -075.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: +00.000000

False_Easting: 500000

False_Northing: 0

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 0.3

Ordinate_Resolution: 0.3

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983

Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80

Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.00

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.25722210088

---

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20030107

---

Generated by mp version 2.7.3 on Thu Mar 27 08:23:10 2003

2005

USGS High Resolution Orthoimagery for the Washington, D.C. Urban Area

Metadata also available as

Metadata:

• Identification_Information
• Data_Quality_Information
• Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
• Spatial_Reference_Information
• Entity_and_Attribute_Information
• Distribution_Information
• Metadata_Reference_Information

---

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: U.S. Geological Survey

Publication_Date: 200702

Title:

USGS High Resolution Orthoimagery for the Washington, D.C. Urban Area

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image

Series_Information:

Series_Name: Urban Area Orthoimagery

Issue_Identification: 0.1

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Other_Citation_Details:

The data obtained through The Seamless Server is considered to be the “best available” data from USGS. Historical data and other data may be obtained by contacting Customer Services, Center for Earth Resources Observation & Science, at 1-800-252-4547.

Online_Linkage: https://seamless.usgs.gov>

Description:

Abstract:

An orthoimage is remotely sensed image data in which displacement of features in the image caused by terrain relief and sensor orientation have been mathematically removed. Orthoimagery combines the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. The projected coordinate system is UTM with a NAD83 datum. There is no image overlap between adjacent files.

NOTE: In February 2007, this data was reprojected from State Plane Maryland FIPS 1900 to UTM Zone 18.

Purpose:

These data have been created as a result of the need for having geospatial data immediately available and easily accessible in order to provide geographic reference for Federal, State, and local emergency responders, as well as for homeland security efforts. Orthoimages also serve a variety of purposes, from interim maps to field references for earth science investigations and analysis. The digital orthoimage is useful as a layer of a geographic information system. These data can be used to provide reference information for Web browsers and for map applications at a scale of 1:100,000 or smaller. Larger scale orthoimagery such as digital orthophoto quadrangles will be more accurate, but often at the expense of timely updates.

Supplemental_Information:

No metadata were received with this data. General orthoimagery metadata were created and spatial information imported for display through the Seamless Data Distribution System at https://seamless.usgs.gov Spatial-specific information not available

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 200503

Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Status:

Progress: Complete

Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Irregular

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate:-77.04029762

East_Bounding_Coordinate:-77.03165649

North_Bounding_Coordinate:38.90113321

South_Bounding_Coordinate:38.89368638

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None

Theme_Keyword: digital spatial data

Theme_Keyword: 0.16 meter orthoimage

Theme_Keyword: rectified image

Theme_Keyword: orthophoto

Theme_Keyword: natural color orthophoto

Theme_Keyword: orthoimage

Theme_Keyword: image map

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Category

Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover

Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation

Theme_Keyword: location

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and their principal administrative divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard 10-4,): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology

Place_Keyword: United States

Place_Keyword: U.S.

Place_Keyword: US

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology

Place_Keyword: DC

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System

Place_Keyword: Washington

Access_Constraints:

Any downloading and use of these data signifies a user’s agreement to comprehension and compliance of the USGS Standard Disclaimer. Insure all portions of metadata are read and clearly understood before using these data in order to protect both user and USGS interests.

Use_Constraints:

There is no guarantee of warranty concerning the accuracy of the data. Users should be aware that temporal changes may have occurred since this data set was collected and that some parts of this data may no longer represent actual surface conditions. Users should not use this data for critical applications without a full awareness of it’s limitations. Acknowledgement of the originating agencies would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Any user who modifies the data is obligated to describe the types of modifications they perform. User specifically agrees not to misrepresent the data, nor to imply that changes made were approved or endorsed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Please refer to http ://www.usgs.gov/privacy.html for the USGS disclaimer.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation & Science

Address: 47914 252nd Street

City: Sioux Falls

State_or_Province: SD

Postal_Code: 57198-0001

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-800-252-4547

Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 0800 – 1600 CT, M – F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)

Data_Set_Credit: U.S. Geological Survey

Security_Information:

Security_Classification_System: None

Security_Classification: Unclassified

Security_Handling_Description: N/A

Native_Data_Set_Environment:

Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.1.0.722

---

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

Radiometry is verified by visual inspection of the digital orthophoto. Slight systematic radiometric differences may exist between adjacent orthoimage files; these are due primarily to differences in source image capture dates and sun angles along flight lines. These differences can be observed in an image’s general lightness or darkness when it is compared to adjacent orthoimage file coverages. Tonal balancing may be performed over a group of images during the mosaicking process which may serve to lighten or darken adjacent images for better color tone matching.

Logical_Consistency_Report:

Logical consistency is implicit in the raster image data structure. Source imagery is cloud free.

Completeness_Report: N/A

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

The relative accuracy is assembled by comparing rectified images generated from adjacent strips of imagery. The absolute accuracy is assessed by measuring the ground control points in the rectified image against the actual surveyed co-ordinate position. The testing is for overall accuracy.

Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:

Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: N/A

Lineage:

Source_Information:

Source_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: U.S. Geological Survey

Publication_Date: Unknown

Title: imagery

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data

Series_Information:

Series_Name: Urban Area Orthoimagery

Issue_Identification: 0.1

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data

Source_Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Single_Date/Time:

Calendar_Date: 200503

Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition

Source_Citation_Abbreviation: imagery

Source_Contribution: Source imagery for tile production

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

In February 2007, this data was reprojected from State Plane Maryland FIPS 1900 to UTM Zone 18.Original processing procedures are not available for this project as no metadata were received with the data.General orthoimagery metadata were created for display through the Seamless Data Distribution System at < https://seamless.usgs.gov Project level metadata are available in several formats: HTML, TEXT, XML, FAQ and SGML. Chip level metadata are provided in XML format.

Process_Date: 200702

Process_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Customer Service Representative

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation & Science

Address: 47914 252nd Street

City: Sioux Falls

State_or_Province: SD

Postal_Code: 57198-0001

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605-594-6151

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-800-252-4547

Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605-594-6933

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605-594-6589

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 0800 – 1600 CT, M – F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)

Contact_Instructions:

The USGS point of contact is for questions relating only to the data display and download from this web site.

---

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster

Raster_Object_Information:

Raster_Object_Type: Pixel

Row_Count: 9375

Column_Count: 9375

Vertical_Count: 1

---

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator

Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 18

Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600

Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.000000

Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000

False_Easting: 500000.000000

False_Northing: 0.000000

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column

Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 0.160000

Ordinate_Resolution: 0.160000

Planar_Distance_Units: meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983

Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80

Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000

Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222

Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Altitude_System_Definition:

Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988

Altitude_Resolution: 1.000000

Altitude_Distance_Units: meters

Altitude_Encoding_Method:

Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates

---

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Overview_Description:

Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

Natural color orthoimagery is organized in three color bands or channels which represent the red, green, and blue (RGB) portions of the spectrum. Each image pixel is assigned a triplet of numeric values, one for each color band. Numeric values range from 0 to 255. Areas where data is incomplete due to lack of full image coverage are represented with the numeric value of 0.

Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, Standards for Digital Orthophotos: Reston, VA

---

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation & Science

Address: 47914 252nd Street

City: Sioux Falls

State_or_Province: SD

Postal_Code: 57198-0001

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-800-252-4547

Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 0800 – 1600 CT, M – F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)

Contact_Instructions:

The USGS point of contact is for questions relating only to the data display and download from this web site. For questions regarding data content and quality, refer to the original processor.

Resource_Description: Downloadable Data

Distribution_Liability:

Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the USGS regarding the use of the data on any other system, nor does the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Data may have been compiled from various outside sources. Spatial information may not meet National Map Accuracy Standards. This information may be updated without notification. The USGS shall not be liable for any activity involving these data, installation, fitness of the data for a particular purpose, its use, or analyses results.

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: Arc/Info Export Format and/or ArcView Shapefile

Format_Version_Number: ArcGIS 9.1

Format_Specification: ASCII

Transfer_Size: 0.001

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name: http ://seamless.usgs.gov

Access_Instructions:

The URL < https://seamless.usgs.gov provides a map interface that allows for data downloads within a customer defined area of interest. Zoom tools are available that can be used to investigate areas of interest on the map interface. The download tool allows the customer to capture layers from the map, utilizing the Seamless Data Distribution System process for downloading. A request summary page is then generated with the download layers listed. By clicking the “download” button on the summary page, a zipped file will be generated that can be saved on the customer’s computer. The file can then be unzipped and imported into various user software applications.

Online_Computer_and_Operating_System: Not available for dissemination

Fees: None

Turnaround: Variable

Technical_Prerequisites:

ESRI ArcGIS Suite and/or Arc/Info or other compatible software, and supporting operating systems.

Available_Time_Period:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 2007

Ending_Date: unknown

---

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20070216

Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey

Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical address

Address: USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation & Science

Address: 47914 252nd Street

City: Sioux Falls

State_or_Province: SD

Postal_Code: 57198-0001

Country: USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605/594-6151

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-800-252-4547

Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605/594-6933

Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605/594-6589

Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 0800 – 1600 CT, M – F (-6h CST/-5h CDT GMT)

Contact_Instructions:

The above is the contact information for the USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science in Sioux Falls, SD. This is the digital data storage and distribution center for the USGS. Metadata information can also be obtained through online services using The National Map Viewer, at https://nationalmap.usgs.gov

Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata

Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

Metadata_Time_Convention: local time

Metadata_Access_Constraints: None

Metadata_Use_Constraints: None

Metadata_Security_Information:

Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None

Metadata_Security_Classification: Unclassified

Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None

Metadata_Extensions:

Online_Linkage: http ://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html

Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile

---

Generated by mp version 2.8.6 on Fri Feb 16 14:15:37 2007

See the difference? I knew you would!